What Is A Pilot Study - 748 Words

Primaty data from the respondents will be collected using an in-depth interview schedule. This method allows for personal interaction between the respondents and the researcher. It is also ideal as it enable the researcher to vary the questions and also seek for further details from the respondent as may be appropriate (Blumberg, 2008). Secondary data will be collected from journals and book reviews of the strategies the multinational pharmaceutical companies apply to overcome the challenges from the generic industry. 3.7 Pilot Study Welman, Kruger and Mitchell (2008) argues that a pilot study is carried out for the following reasons: to detect possible flaws in the measurement procedures that may include among others, aspects such as†¦show more content†¦In this study reliability test is to be carried out by pilot test and computing Cronbach’s Alpha. Sekeran and Bougie (2010) reinforces that pilot test is necessary for testing the reliability of instruments where the feedback of the pilot study is used to refine the instruments to make it reliable during the study. Cronbach’s alpha will be used to test the reliability of the measures of the instruments. Bryman (2011) suggests that where Cronbach Alpha is used for reliability test, a rule of thumb is also used that states that the Cronbanch values of the items in the study should not be lower than 0.7. The Cronbach values will be computed as follows: ÃŽ ± = K / (K - 1) [1- (ÃŽ £ÃÆ'k2 / ÏÆ'total2)] †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Equation Where K is the number of items, ÃŽ £ÃÆ'k2 is the sum of the k item score variances, and ÏÆ'total2 is the variance of scores on the total measurement. 3.8 Data Analysis and Presentation Data analysis involve reducing accumulated data to a manageable size, developing summaries, looking for patterns and applying statistical techniques while data preparation includes editing, coding, and data entry and its activity that ensures the accuracy of the data and their conversion from raw form to reduced and classified form that are more appropriate for analysis (Cooper Schindler, 2016). The study will employ both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques to allow presentation of data in a moreShow MoreRelatedGeneral Aviation : The Influence Of External Factors On Communication Errors1641 Words   |  7 Pagesthe biggest threat to the safety in the aviation. Various factors such as pilot workload, quality of audio signal, accent of pilot or controller, low level English language proficiency and unable to use standard phraseology can bring error in communication. The purpose of the study was to investigate if a relationship existed between above four known factors moderating communication and communication accuracy. Seventeen pilots completed a total of eight separate simulated flights (presented in counterbalancedRead MoreWomen Should Not Fly Commercial Or Private1397 Words   |  6 PagesAfter starting flight lessons and seeking a pilots license one of the researchers became aware of the ridicule and negative perceptions that women face in the field aviation. Chances are that when you fly commercial or private that you will not be flying with a female pilot in command. Aviation is a field that continues to be a male’s career with females making up only five percent of the industry (Goyer, 2016). This particular area tends to focus on being a male’s career choice and lacking in theRead MoreA Study On Airline Pilots1572 Words   |  7 PagesWhat kind of man or woman has the confidence to fly a complicated, multi-million dollar machine, with up to six-hundred people onboard through good conditions and bad, and say to them self and others â€Å"no problem, piece of cake?† Who are these people? They are a special breed who enjoy excitement in their life and do something they are extremely passionate about. 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Because of the many certificates and license that you must earn, it is very good to earn those with a qualified instructor that can properly prepare you to reach the

Potential Research Study Work Life Balance. There Is A

Potential Research Study: Work Life Balance There is a problem with health related issues in Black women involved in leadership roles. Despite the decline of Black women in professional roles, most encounter the task of attempting to balance work-life and home with a husband and kids. According to a poll conducted by the Washington Post and the Kaiser Family Foundation, forty percent of black women say they experience frequent stress, compared with 51 percent of white women; stress associated with ensuring a suitable lifestyle and working against the stereotypes created by society (Thompson, 2012). Warner (2014) compiled an online fact sheet that notes women of color make up 36.3 percent of the nation’s female population and approximately†¦show more content†¦The study will examine various ages of both married and single women in different leadership roles. Potential research questions to share with participants list as follows: 1. Is there a balance between your personal lifestyle and work? 2. Do you experience stressors in your personal lifestyle and work? 3. Do you have any stress related illnesses based off your personal lifestyle or work? 4. Do you have any coping mechanisms used to alleviate stressful situations? 5. What are your views on professional Black women and continued education? 6. What is your perspective of the â€Å"American Dream†? 7. Does the role of being a leader affect the level of stress one endures? Integration of theories is a foundation to support the predicted claims. The literature review synthesizes each theory based off the work of several scholars. The selection of Boundary theory supports the idea of â€Å"balance.† According to previously investigative studies, there must be limits set to maintain order (Currie Eveline, 2011). Failure to set boundaries with busy lifestyles causes an interference with demanding roles that can lead to stressors (Sirajunisa Panchanatham, 2010). Life-space theory is another area of study that focuses on working adults and their level of experience in a career over the course of a lifetime (Whiston et al., 2015). At a certain stage in life, most individuals tend to seek stability, job growth, and other qualities, whichShow MoreRelatedThe Balance Scorecard1638 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿SFU The Balance Scorecard Initiative BUS 322 – Written Case Miranda Zhang 7/29/2014 Executive Summary This report provides the analysis of case study given to me. Gail Palmer Ashton Graduate School of Business ranks among the top schools of USA but the dean of the institute feels that the school has deviated from its foundations. 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While working takes a lot of time away from family, adding school to your schedule makes it difficult to spend quality time with your children. The problem most people face with balancing school, work, and family is being an excellent student, an outstanding employee, and a caring parent all in the same day. These chronic and systematic harms place a heavy burden financially, logistically, and psychologically. With these three components you willRead MoreA Statement Of The Problem Of Service Organizations1590 Words   |  7 Pagesemployment potential and contribution to the National income. The study of Quality of Working life has been an important and critical area in management and organizational performance from last several years especially in the LIC. Work is an integral part of our everyday life, as it is our livelihood or career or business. On an average we spend around twelve hours daily in the work place that is one third of our entire life. 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Role of Drug Treatments and Talking Therapies as Depression Treatment Free Essays

Discuss the relative values of drug treatments and ‘talking therapies’ for depression in the NHS, with reference to current health policies Abstract Drug treatments and ‘talking therapies’ are available modes of treatment for depression within the NHS. Both interventions are of value and their appropriate implementation is guided by current health policies, specifically The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines. For mild depression, drug therapy is not recommended and talking treatments such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) are seen to be more appropriate. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Drug Treatments and Talking Therapies as Depression Treatment or any similar topic only for you Order Now For more severe depression drugs are suitable, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are usually prescribed as they have the least side effects. However, a combination of a psychological treatment with medication maybe the most valuable course for people with moderate or severe depression (NICE, 2007). It may be suggested that a stepped care model to intervention is considered. Introduction Depression is one of the leading causes of health problems in the UK. It is estimated that by 2020 major depression will be the second most common health problem in the world, behind heart disease (World Health Organisation). As such effective interventions for this condition are essential. Currently in the UK, the NHS offer drug treatments and ‘talking therapies’ for the treatment of depression. The effectiveness of these available interventions as modes of treatment for depression have been debated and as such this essay aims to explore the values of drug treatments and ‘talking therapies’ for depression in the NHS with reference to current health policies. Firstly it will concentrate on a description of depression before moving on to discuss the current policies for the treatment of depression and the value of drug and talking therapies. There are two main types of depression; major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. This essay will focus on major depressive disorder. Major depression is defined in terms of only depressive symptoms. To meet the DSM classification criteria individuals must have experienced five symptoms from a list of predefined symptoms over a two week period. These include low mood most of the day, a marked decline in interest or pleasure in activities, disrupted sleeping patterns, fatigue or loss of energy, altered eating habits, an inability to concentrate, feelings of worthlessness or hopelessness, suicide ideation or thoughts of death and irritability or agitation (Field, 2003). According to current health policies, specifically The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines, it is recommended that both drug treatment and talking therapies are available on the NHS (NICE, 2007). In accordance with NICE guidelines, the treatment for depression varies depending on the level of depression experienced. It is suggested that, for mild depression, medication is not appropriate because the benefits are outweighed by the risk of side effects. In this instance short-term talking treatments such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) are seen to be more relevant. For more severe depression antidepressants are suitable, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are suggested because their side effects are usually better tolerated than those of other types of antidepressants. However, for people with moderate or severe depression a combination of a psychological treatment with medication maybe the most valuable course (NICE, 2007). There are several drug therapies available that act in different ways and have various success rates (Gumnick and Nemeroff, 2000). Antidepressant drugs work on chemical messengers in the brain to alter mood. They try to lessen the symptoms of depression so that an individual may determine their actions proactively or feel able to engage in CBT. It commonly takes between two to four weeks before the medication takes effect. It is usually recommend that a person continues taking them for six months in order to avert a recurrence. Antidepressants often cause unpleasant side effects, which are initially worse at the beginning of treatment. Of the various different types available, SSRIs are usually the favoured first choice because, although they have as many listed side effects, they are usually better tolerated. Others include tricyclic antidepressants and MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors). Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) have been found to reduce symptoms in approximately 50-70% of individuals, yet it must be noted that placebo drugs have also been seen to reduce symptoms in 20 to 30% of people (Gumnick and Nemeroff, 2000). Withdrawal symptoms may be experienced when someone stops taking antidepressant drugs regardless of the type they are taking. This is particularly common if they have been taking them for a longer period of time. As such withdrawal from this medication is a slow process involving a reduction of the dose in stages over a period of weeks. The ‘talking therapy’ of choice for depression as recommended by NICE is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). CBT is an evidence based collaborative therapy that challenges an individual’s thoughts and beliefs (Wells, 1997). The benefits of CBT in the NHS context are that it is a relatively short term treatment which approximates the length of the early phase of drug therapy (Kennedy, Lam, Nutt, and Thase, 2007). It is targeted to ease the core symptoms of depression and to provide the individual with the skills to manage their mood. The evidence suggests that the psychological interventions, particularly CBT, are at least as successful as medication in the treatment of depression, even if severe (Antonuccio, Danton, DeNelsky, 1995). Computerised CBT (CCBT) is now available, making this therapy more accessible, and it can be used alongside or instead of sessions with a therapist. It is not appropriate for someone with severe symptoms, and NICE recommend people ar e assessed before using one of the programmes (NICE, 2007). Conclusion It becomes clear that there are values associated with both drug interventions and ‘talking therapies’ in the treatment of depression. In particular, CBT provides an accessible mode of treatment which aims to equip the individual with strategies to challenge and cope with their low mood. This is done within a ‘safe’ context where the person is encouraged and supported and there are no known side effects (Knaus and Ellis, 2006). Depending on the severity of depression, some individuals may not be able to engage in CBT and in this scenario antidepressants have significant value as they enable the person to feel able to engage in therapy which challenges their thoughts and attitudes. As such both drug treatment and talking therapies have their place as effective treatment for depression. Perhaps a stepped cared model may be useful when thinking about the most applicable mode of treatment for depression. The stepped care model presents a structure for managing the provision of services, and aids both practitioners and clients to identify and access the most effective interventions. The most effective and least intrusive intervention is initially offered. If a client does not benefit from that treatment or decides that it is not suitable for them, they should be offered a fitting intervention from the proceeding phase (Scogin, Hanson and Welsh, 2003). In this case the value of drug and talking interventions will be realised to provide the client with the most effective and suitable intervention. References Antonuccio, D.O.; Danton, W.G.; DeNelsky, G.Y. (1995) ‘Psychotherapy versus medication for depression: Challenging the conventional wisdom with data’. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, Vol. 26(6), pp. 574-585. Field, A. (2003). Clinical Psychology. Exeter UK: Crucial, Learning matters Ltd. Gumnick, J.F. and Nemeroff, C.B. (2000). ‘Problems with currently available antidepressants’. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. Vol. 61, pp. 5-15. Kennedy, S.H, Lam, R.W, Nutt, D, J and Thase, M.E (2007). ‘Psychotherapies, alone and in combination of Psychopharmacology’ . Treating Depression Effectively. London: Taylor Francis. Knaus, W.J and Ellis, A. (2006). The Cognitive Behavioural Workbook for Depression: A Step-by-step Program. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2007) ‘Depression: the treatment and management of depression in adults’. CG90. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Scogin, F. R., Hanson, A. and Welsh, D. (2003), Self-administered treatment in stepped-care models of depression treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol. 59, pp. 341–349. Wells, A. (1997). Cognitive Therapy of Anxiety Disorders: A Practice Manual and Conceptual Guide. New Jersey: Wiley. How to cite Role of Drug Treatments and Talking Therapies as Depression Treatment, Essay examples

Macroeconomic Data Analysis of Singapore

Question: Analysis the Macroeconomic Data of Singapore. Answer: Introduction Singapore is regarded as one of the most attractive destinations in the world for business. The companies from all around the world seek to set up their business in Singapore due to stable economic and political environment. The economic policies of the country focus on increasing trade and making the commercial sector transparent. In order to analyze the economy of Singapore in more detail, it is crucial to make an assessment of the macro economic factors such as gross domestic product, per capital income, unemployment rate, and inflation rates. The gross domestic product provides evaluation of the overall wealth of the economy while inflation indicates the rise in the price levels of the goods and services in the country. Further, the analysis of per capital income gives an overview of the living standards of the residents of the country. Apart from these factors, unemployment rate is also a crucial macro economic factors that provides overview of employment prosperity or problem o f the country. In this context, the essay presented here provides an analysis of the economy of Singapore with the assessment of macroeconomic factors mentioned above. Production Output Performance Analysis Definitions and Meaning The output performance analysis of an economy relates to analysis of the gross domestic product (GDP). The GDP refers to the total value of goods produced and services rendered in a fiscal year by the country. The value of GDP is computed by adding together the amount of consumer spending, government spending, investments of the country, and net exports. Further, in order make the trend analysis meaningful, the amount of GDP is adjusted for inflation converting the GDP to real GDP. The GDP per capita is computed by dividing total real GDP by the population of the country. Performance and Trend Analysis of the Singapore Economy The Singapore economy has grown rapidly in the past decade as depicted from three times increase in the real GDP over the period. The real GDP of Singapore was $127.42 billion in the year 2005 which increase neatly three times to $306.64 billion in the year 2014. The detailed information about the real GDP and per capita GDP is presented in the table given below: Table 1: Gross Domestic Product Data of Singapore: 2005 to 2014 Year Real GDP ($ billion) Growth rate GDP per capita ($) Growth rate 2005 127.42 29,869.85 2006 147.80 15.99% 33,579.86 12.42% 2007 179.98 21.78% 39,223.58 16.81% 2008 192.23 6.80% 39,721.05 1.27% 2009 192.41 0.09% 38,577.56 -2.88% 2010 236.42 22.87% 46,569.68 20.72% 2011 275.22 16.41% 53,093.67 14.01% 2012 289.27 5.10% 54,451.21 2.56% 2013 300.29 3.81% 55,617.61 2.14% 2014 306.34 2.02% 56,007.29 0.70% (World Bank, 2016) Figure 1: Real GDP ($ billion): Singapore From the data presented in the table shown above, it could be observed that the figure of real GDP of Singapore has been increasing continuously. However, the grow rate as depicted in the chart can be observed to be fluctuating. The grow rate was massive in the year 2006 and 2007, in these years, the GDP grown by 15.99% and 21.78% respectively. However, in the year 2008 and 2009, GDP growth rate slopped downwards reaching 6.80% and 0.09% respectively. This severe fall down in the rate was the impact of global financial crisis that occurred in the year 2008-09. However, Singapore came back strongly overcoming the global financial crisis. The growth rate again picked up reaching 22.87% and 16.41% in the year 2010 and 2011 respectively. However, again in recent years, it was observed that the Singaporean economy is struggling with the GDP growth as depicted from the low growth rate of 2.02% in the year 2014. Further, the growth rate of GDP per capita has also been observed to be fluctua ting in tandem with the growth in total GDP. The decrease in GDP per capita of Singapore is not only due to decrease in GDP with also because of increase in the population. Governments Measures Enhance Output Growth Singapore was one of the Asian countries which got affected by the global financial crisis of 2008-09 severely. In order to counter the recession caused by the global financial crisis, the government of Singapore took unprecedented measures by changing its monetary and fiscal policies (Liang, 2010). In the year 2009, the government announced job credit scheme to provide financial assistance to the companies as compensation to retain the employees. Further, the government also announced a special risk sharing program that helped in leveraging the risk position of the financial sector entities. Apart from that the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) also took initiatives to improve the liquidity position of the banks and financial institutions. The MAS leveraged margin requirements of the banks to increase their liquidity (Liang, 2010). Taking these all measures, the government aimed at infusing more money in the economy so that the output (GDP) could be increased. Labor Market Analysis Definitions and Meaning The unemployment refers to the situation of being jobless. The rate of unemployment signifies the portion of workforce that is eligible for job but does not have the job in their hands. The analysis of rate of unemployment is crucial from the macroeconomic analysis perspective as it provides the understanding of the economic health of a country (Baumol Blinder, 2008). There are different reasons that cause unemployment and based on these reasons there have been defined different types of unemployment. Primarily, the unemployment is classified into three categories such as structural, frictional, and cyclical. The structural unemployment arises commonly in every economy. It arises because certain job skills are considered outdated on inventions coming in the market (Baumol Blinder, 2008). The frictional unemployment is caused due to the workers being sitting idle deliberately. Some people wait for the right job opportunity and thus, they do not join the job until they get the right job. The Cyclical unemployment is crucial for every economy because this occurs when the economy is slopping down. The problems connected with the economy cause cyclical unemployment to arise (Baumol Blinder, 2008). Unemployment Trend in Singapore Reducing and keeping the unemployment under control has been the primary goal of the government of Singaporean in the past decade. In the year 2005, the unemployment rate of Singapore was observed to be 4.10% which reduced significantly to 1.70% in the year 2014. The detailed analysis of trend in unemployment rate is presented in the table and chart given below: Table 2: Singapore Unemployment rate Singapore Unemployment rate Year Unemployment rate Rate 2005 4.10% 2006 3.60% 2007 3.00% 2008 3.20% 2009 4.30% 2010 3.10% 2011 2.90% 2012 2.80% 2013 2.80% 2014 1.70% Figure 2: Trend in Singapore Unemployment Rate From the chart, it could be observed that the unemployment rate in Singapore is showing downward trend, which is good for the economy. The unemployment rate decreased from 2005 to 2007 and then it increased slightly in the year 2008 and 2009. The rate rose from 3% to 3.20% in 2008 and then further increased to 4.30% in the year 2009. The global financial crisis and recession occurred in the year 2008 was the main reason for increase in the unemployment rate. However, recently, in the year 2014, the unemployment rate has been observed to be under control at 1.70%. Type of Unemployment in Singapore The structural and frictional unemployment can not be eliminated in an economy. These will always be there in the economy as long as the unemployment rate does not become zero. However, the cyclical unemployment arises due to economy downturn and recession like situations. In the recent years, the Singaporean economy has been observed to be running smoothly without any severe economic problems. Therefore, the unemployment prevailing in Singapore can be said to be of two types such as structural and frictional (Econs, 2017). Governments Measures to Achieve Full Employment The government has made changes in the fiscal and monetary policies from time to time to control the unemployment in the country. In order to overcome the shock of global financial crisis of 2008-09, the Singaporean government adopted expansionary fiscal and monetary policies. The government made every effort to boost up the economy and create demand in the market so that more job opportunities can be created (Econs, 2017). Price Level Analysis Meaning and Causes of Inflation The rate of inflation is the macroeconomic factor being used for analysis of price levels of a country. The analysis of rate of inflation reveals the decreases or increases in the prices of goods and services over the period of time. Further, in other words, the inflation also refers to the purchasing power of money (Hamouda, 2011). When the rate of inflation goes up, the purchasing power of money is decreased conversely when the inflation goes down, the purchasing power of money increases. There are two crucial aspects having bearing on the inflation rate such as demand of goods and services and their supply. When the demand is excessively higher than the available supply, the prices of goods and service will increase causing the inflation to rise. This implies that when the economy is growing at fast rate, the inflation rate will be on higher side. Further, the rise in cost of manufacturing goods or providing services is also the reason for increase in the inflation rate (Eggertsso n, 2003). Inflation Trend in Singapore The inflation has been under control in Singapore in the past decade as depicted from the low rate of inflation. The trend in inflation over the period of past ten years from 2005 to 2014 could be observed from the table and chart given below: Table 3: Inflation in Singapore Year inflation (CPI) rate 2005 2.23% 2006 1.72% 2007 5.86% 2008 -1.49% 2009 3.52% 2010 -0.05% 2011 1.11% 2012 0.73% 2013 -0.70% 2014 0.04% Figure 3: Trend in Inflation Rate Singapore From the chart presented above, it could be observed that the rate of inflation is showing fluctuating trend over the period of 10 years. In the year 2005, the rate of inflation in Singapore was 2.23% which decreased to 1.72% in 2006 and then increased to 5.86% in 2007. In the year 2008, the rate of inflation went negative depicting deflation in the economy. The deflation was also observed in the year 2010 when the rate of inflation when to -0.05%. The deflation in the year 2010 was the impact of global financial crisis and recession in the economy in the year 2008-09. In the year 2011, the rate increased to 1.11%, however, it again went negative reaching at -0.70% in the year 2013. Causes of Inflation in Singapore In the past few years, the Singapore economy has got hit by the deflation. The rate of inflation has gone negative on many occasions leading to deflation in the country. The main reason for deflation in the economy has been observed to be the decrease in the prices of crude oil. Consequent upon the decline in oil prices, the cost of accommodation and transportation reduced significantly (Min, 2014). Governments Measures to Control Inflation The economy of Singapore has been facing low inflation or even deflationary situations on occasions. Considering the state of economy, the government has taken steps from time to time to keep the rate of inflation under control and balanced. In order to revive the economy from deflationary situation, the government is striving to make the fiscal and monetary policies expansionary. However, there have not been seen any significant improvement in the regards to the rate of interest (Focus-economics, 2017). In the past 5 years the rate of interest has been observed to be around 0.25% as depicted below: Figure 4: Interest rate in Singapore (Focus-economics, 2017) Conclusion This essay discusses the macroeconomic factors such as gross domestic product, unemployment rate, and the rate of inflation in the context of the Singaporean economy. From the overall discussion carried out, it could be articulated that the Singaporean economy is facing slow down as far as growth rate of GDP is concerned. Further, the per capita income of the country has also been observed to be falling down, which indicates decline in the living standard of the residents. The slow economy growth is affecting the unemployment and inflation adversely. The inflation rate of Singapore has been very low depicting deflationary conditions in the economy. The major point for consideration of the Singapore government is to enhance the economic growth by adopting expansionary fiscal and monetary policies. There is a need to increase the flow of money in the market. References Baumol, W. Blinder, A. 2008. Economics: Principles and Policy. Cengage Learning. Econs. 2017. Singapore Unemployment. Retrieved March 10, 2016, from https://www.econs.com.sg/essay-writing/5-singapore-has-maintained-an-annual-unemployment-rate-at-approximately-2-since-2010-it-was-1-9-in-2013-discuss-the-effectiveness-of-policies-that-singapore-government-currently-adopts-to-maintain/ Eggertsson, G.B. 2003. How to Fight Deflation in a Liquidity Trap: Committing to Being Irresponsible. International Monetary Fund. Focus-economics. 2017. MAS leaves policy band unchanged at October meeting. Retrieved March 10, 2016, from https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/singapore/interest-rate Hamouda, O.F. 2011. 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